TASK I
SECTION 1 Questions 1-10
Questions 1-4
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. How many people are Cindy and Bob planning the picnic for?
2. On which date will the picnic be held?
3. What is the total budget for food and drink per person?
4. Which food does Bob specifically say is unsuitable?
Questions 5-8
Complete the following notes about the three catering companies Bob and Cindy discuss.
Paris Kitchen
lack of variety of food
poor quality 5__________________
Company Caterers
expenflve
6 __________________ discount for groups of 30 or more
Celebrations
new company
only 7_____________ for picnics
8 _____________dishes
Questions 9-10
Answer the questions using only a date or a telephone number.
1. When will Bob and Cindy go to Celebrations?
2. What is Celebrations“ telephone number?
SECTION 2 Questions 11-20
Questions 11-12
Complete the notes on the Citizens Advice Bureau using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each gap.
3. _______________ a solicitor
suggest where you can find free legal advice
inform you whether you can get 12______________ to cover legal costs
Questions 13-14
Complete the notes on the police using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap
don’t be aggressive
do not try to bribe police officers
ask plain-clothes police officers for 13._____________
give your true name and address if asked
do not sign anything without a solicitor‘s 14._____________
you can make one telephone call
Questions 15-16
Complete the following notes on. illegal actions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.
The following three things are illegal:
the possession of 15._____________
the possession or 16.____________ of drugs disorderly conduct
Questions 17-20
Decide which FOUR of the following statements are true, according to the speaker. Write the appropriate letters in any order on your answer sheet.
A. It is socially acceptable to drink a lot of alcohol.
B. People often arrange to meet in bars.
C. Drinking non-alcoholic drinks in bars is socially acceptable.
D. You can drink a little and still drive a car.
E. You can drink in public.
F. Doctors can give patients otherwise illegal drugs.
G. You must be over 18 to buy alcohol.
H. Many people use illegal drugs.
SECTION 3 Questions 21-30
Questions 21-25
Complete the following sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap
21. Melissa’s first tip is _______________
22. Simona says that a presenter should not ______________
23. David explains that PCP means ____________
24. David says PCP will ___________ and promote retention.
25. Carlos offers a general piece of advice for public speaking, which is _____________
Questions 26-30
Identify which speaker is being referred to in each statement. Write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.
A. Carlos B. David
C. Melissa D. Simona
26. He/She thinks an overhead projector is usually needed.
27. He/She mentions that jokes can be useful in context.
28. He/She mentions that the question and answer part is very important.
29. He/She says that finishing early might be a good idea.
30. He/She says that you should drink enough.
SECTION 4 Questions 31-40
Questions 31-33
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A DATE for each answer.
31. Which metal were the Celts using at the beginning of the first millennium B.C.?
32. When did excavation at Hallstatt begin?
33. When were Celtic remains near La Tene uncovered?
Questions 34-37
Answer the following questions about Hallstatt culture using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR AN NUMBER for each answer.
34. How many periods of Hallstatt culture were there?
35. Which two items were traded over long distances at the beginning of the Hallstatt period?
36. Where were settlements built during the Hallstatt C period?
37. What led to a stratified society?
Questions 38-40
Complete the following sentences about La Téne culture using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.
38. Celtic ____________ took place during the La Téne period.
39. After 400 B.C., the La Téne culture __________________
40. Weapons and everyday items can be found in La Tene ____________ across Europe.
TASK II: GAP-FILLING
SECTION 1
Cindy: So, Bob, how many people have said that they’re coming on the […………………………….]?
Bob: Well, Cindy, we’ve got 35 […………………………….]and another 10 probable.
Cindy: Shall we say 50?
Bob: T think so. And we’ve […………………………….]the date for…?
Cindy: 26th. The last Sunday in August.
Bob: Great! I hope the weather is good.
Cindy: Should be. Now, we have to decide where to order the food from and what kind of things we want.
Bob: Right. What’s our budget?
Cindy: We decided to go for […………………………….]a head for food and £5 a head for drinks.
Bob: OK. I got some […………………………….]from caterers. What do you think?
Cindy: The most important thing is to make sure there’s a […………………………….]of food. We don’t want people […………………………….]that they don’t like anything.
Bob: We also don’t want food that could […………………………….]in the sun-ice cream, that kind of thing.
Cindy: You’ve seen these pamphlets. What do you think?
Bob: Well, I thought Paris Kitchen looked good. The price almost exactly meets our […………………………….]and they seem to have a good variety.
Cindy: I don’t know. A friend of mine used them for her company and wasn’t […………………………….].
Bob: Really? What exactly didn’t she like?
Cindy: Well, the food… she said the food was good, but not quite the variety they’d […………………………….]. The drinks included some wine, which was […………………………….]not very good.
Bob: Oh. Well, perhaps we need to consider this one… er … Company Caterers.
Cindy: Looks a bit […………………………….]. Mind you, I’ve heard that they are very good.
Bob: Let me check the price. … Yes … £12 a head for food. That’s more than our budget. Do you think we could get a […………………………….]?
Cindy: Let’s see if it says anything in the pamphlet. … Yes, they do offer a discount for groups of more than 30. … 10% … does that help us?
Bob: 10% off £12 … It’s still more than we […………………………….]for.
Cindy: Hey, look at this one. Celebrations.
Bob: It’s a new company. I asked a few people about them, but no-one has any ideas.
Cindy: Well, let’s see. […………………………….]a head for food and […………………………….] a head for drinks. That’s fine. What kind of food do they have? It says here that they just provide […………………………….]for picnics. Wrell, that’s OK. … And they include […………………………….]dishes…. We do have some vegetarian to take into […………………………….].
Bob: Well, it looks good to me. The only problem is their lack of experience. I mean, it’s a bit of a risk, isn’t it?
Cindy: Yes. If the food is no good, we’ll look […………………………….].
Bob: Ah, look here. It says that we can visit their […………………………….]and try some of the dishes they offer.
Cindy: You mean we might get a free lunch? Shall we call them and arrange to go and see them?
Bob: OK. Which day? How about tomorrow?
Cindy: No. We’ve got that meeting. The day after tomorrow. […………………………….].
Bob: Good. Time?
Cindy: 11?
Bob: Good. Right, what’s their phone number? […………………………….]. We also need to ask them whether they can deliver straight to the picnic site, don’t we?
Cindy: Yes. I don’t think that’ll be a problem, though. I mean, it’s on the […………………………….]of the city, but it’s not too far away. Does the price include […………………………….]?
Bob: It doesn’t say, but the other companies include it, so they should. If they don’t., our budget still allows us to pay a small fee.
SECTION 2
Good afternoon, everybody. My name is Sally Miller and I’m here to offer you some […………………………….]on legal matters whilst you are studying at this university. Happily, most […………………………….]students complete their […………………………….]without running into any serious legal problems, but if you do find yourself […………………………….]in a legal dispute of any kind, ask for help. There are two options. First, contact the students’ […………………………….]or welfare officer. Even if they cannot help you directly, they should be able to advise you where to go for help. The second […………………………….]is to contact the Citizens Advice Bureau in your area. You can find them in the local telephone […………………………….]. They will be able to recommend a […………………………….]if you need one, and tell you if there is a local law centre providing free […………………………….]. They will also be able to tell vou whether you can claim legal aid to help pay for any court and legal fees.
Let me give you some basic information about the police. The police have the power to stop and search anyone who […………………………….]to be behaving in a […………………………….]manner. If you are arrested for any reason, even if you know it to be a wrong reason, remember a few very important things. One, don’t be […………………………….]. Two, do not try to bribe the police officer. Three, if vou are […………………………….]by plain-clothes police officers, ask to see some form of […………………………….], Four, give your true name and address if the officer asks you to. Lying to the police is a […………………………….]offence. Five, do not sign any statement until vou have […………………………….]advice from a […………………………….]. There is always a solicitor on duty at every police station. Six, you will be entitled to make one telephone call. If you use this call to telephone a friend, urge your friend to contact someone from your university or from the students’ union and get advice about what you should do next.
If you find yourself in […………………………….]with the police, it is very important to get […………………………….]advice. Contact any of the following: your university welfare officer, the students’ union at your university, your local Citizens Advice Bureau, a local law centre. If you are found guilty of an offence, it could […………………………….]damage your position as an international student, so be sure to ask for help as early in the […………………………….]as possible.
Remember: obey the local laws! The laws here may not be quite the same as in your own country. Here are a few examples of actions that are […………………………….]here. It is against the law to: […………………………….]offensive […………………………….]e.g. knives, guns, chemical sprays used for personal […………………………….]even women are not allowed to carry […………………………….]or other deterrents to protect themselves against possible […………………………….]except for rape alarms, possess or supply hard or soft drugs, […………………………….]the peace — this is called “disorderly conduct”. This means that you can be […………………………….]for being too noisy or rowdy.
A few words about drinking. In this country, it is perfectly […………………………….]for adults to drink alcohol in […………………………….]amounts. For many people, chinking is an established part of their social life – “going out for a drink” is how they relax or spend time with friends. If you go to a party or visit people at home in the evening, your host will […………………………….]offer you a chink. Often a lot of university social life can revolve around […………………………….], especially for […………………………….]. Do not be […………………………….]if people arrange to meet in a bar or if events ai’e held in a pub. But you are not […………………………….]to drink alcohol if you do not want to even if you are in a pub or at a party where everyone else is chinking. You can always ask for a […………………………….]drink instead. And if you feel uncomfortable going to places that serve […………………………….], explain this to your friends there are lots of other places where you can meet. If you do choose to drink, remember that you should never drive a motor vehicle after drinking alcohol — it, is dangerous and the police can […………………………….]serious […………………………….]on you. Also remember that being drunk in public is not […………………………….]either, and the police can arrest you for it.
[…………………………….]and alcohol can cause serious problems. Let me repeat that in this country, it is […………………………….]to use drugs, except under medical […………………………….]. But, if you do use illegal drugs and you develop a problem, there are […………………………….]you can contact. Contact your students’ union or your student […………………………….]. Anyone over 18 years old can legally buy and […………………………….]alcoholic drinks in this country, but if you think you might be diinking too much, get help and advice from your student […………………………….]or your doctor. Again, there are […………………………….]organisations that can help you with drug ancl alcohol problems. Contact them.
SECTION 3
Carlos: OK, everyone. Let’s look at what […………………………….]tips we have come up with for our next seminar. Melissa?
Melissa: OK, here’s my first tip. Show up early. Some […………………………….]presenters say that something good is […………………………….]to happen! I’m not sure about that, but…
David: Well,… you may have a chance to head off some […………………………….]problem. Also, at the beginning, before you actually begin your presentation, people […………………………….]in slowly. It’s a great time to introduce yourself.
Melissa: Can’t argue with that! Simona had some ideas about opening.
Simona: Have a strong opening. I picked up a few ideas for […………………………….]your opening. First, never […………………………….]. If you’re worried the presentation won’t go well, keep it to yourself and give it your best shot. Besides, people are usually too […………………………….]with their own problems to notice yours.
Carlos: I like that!
Simona: Open by addressing the following three questions: What’s the problem? Who cares? What’s your solution?
Carlos: Excellent […………………………….]! David? You’ve gone quiet!
David: Well, mv next suggestion is PGP. That means that with every […………………………….], vou should move from the Particular to the General and back to the […………………………….]. Even though the […………………………….]of a subtopic is to convey the general information, bracing it with particulars is a good way to draw attention and promote […………………………….].
Melissa: I’ve got another one. This might not be a tip so much as a law.
Give everyone at least one piece of paper. A piece of paper is a record from your presentation. People can use that to help recall the details of the presentation, or better yet to tell others about it.
Carlos: The next tip that I have is know your […………………………….]. This is, of course, a general piece of advice for public speaking. See if you can find out what styles of information presentation they are most […………………………….]and […………………………….]with. Adapting your presentation to those styles will leave fewer barriers to the direct communication of your […………………………….].
Simona: I like that idea. We mentioned possible technical problems before.
My next point is that maybe speakers should […………………………….]the overhead projector. Is one really necessary?
David: 1 think that often it is. but I agree with your basic point, Simona.
Don’t use one just because it’s there. Maybe a good tip is to consider carefully what you are putting on your […………………………….].
Simona: Yes, David, that’s a very good point to make. Slide content is …
well, you don’t want too much … too little. Carlos?
Carlos: Good points, both of you. Another point I have is […………………………….]the audience. Don’t condescend by “dumbing down” your lecture. Show them respect by saying what you […………………………….]and what you know to be the whole story.
Melissa: I also have a point about […………………………….]. I think that humour is generally good, but be careful with it. Humour in a presentation works best when it actually drives the presentation forward. If you find you’re using […………………………….]that don’t depend on the context, of the presentation, […………………………….]them David?
David: Maybe, Melissa, but always be very careful about jokes that. put.
down a class of people. If you’re going to […………………………….]your audience, do it on the […………………………….]of your content.
Simona: Also, avoid masculine-or even […………………………….]as universal. It can be a nuisance to half the audience. As universal, use the plural “they”. The Oxford English Dictionary has allowed “they” as a gender […………………………….]singular pronoun for years.
Carlos: Thanks, Simona. Thinking towards the end. Take care with questions. Many people […………………………….]the quality of vour talk not by the twenty minutes of presentation, but on the thirty seconds you spend answering their question. Be sure to allow long pauses for questions. Ten seconds may seem like a long pause when you’re at the front of the room, but. it flows […………………………….]from the audience’s point of view.
Simona: Let people know you believe your material. Speak with […………………………….].
Believing your subject, matter is one of the best ways to speak more effectively!
Melissa: Finish early, and something good is almost bound to happen. If nothing else, people will be able to leave early, and […………………………….]they’ll have an extra couple of minutes to do things they didn’t think they’d get to. People will really like you if you do that.
David: I think we have […………………………….]a key point. Practice! Practice over and over and over. If you can, record your presentation. Play it back and watch yourself. You’ll […………………………….]a thousand […………………………….]things you never knew about yourself. Now watch it again without the sound. Why are your hands flying around like that? Now listen to it without the picture. Get rid of those urns! Now watch it at twice the normal speed. This […………………………….]low frequency cycles in your gestures.
Carlos: David, those were excellent points! I have one more. Something quite simple, but often overlooked. 1 read that the two most […………………………….]things you can do in modern […………………………….]are live presentations and air travel. I don’t know if it’s really true, but the […………………………….]is that, the wav to stay sharp is to drink lots of water. Take care of your body, especially your voice. If possible, avoid […………………………….]too.
Melissa: So, we’ve got to organise these points now…
SECTION 4
Welcome to this introductory lecture on the Celts. Who were the Celts? The Celts were an Indo-[…………………………….]group, that is, related linguistically to the Greeks, the Germanic peoples, certain Italic groups and peoples of the Indian […………………………….]. They arose in central Europe at the beginning of the first […………………………….]B.C. and were an iron using and horse rearing peoples. By the end of the first millennium B.C. their cultural group had spread up and down the Danube and Rhine, taking in Gaul, Ireland and Britain, […………………………….]central Europe, into northern Italy and northern Spain. Their roaming across Europe led some of the Celtic […………………………….]to sack Rome in 390 B.C. creating a fear of the northern […………………………….]that was to haunt Romans for hundreds of years to come.
The Celts are defined […………………………….]by the type-sites of Hallstatt and La Tene, the former being taken to relate to an earlier phase of cultural […………………………….]. Hallstatt, an ancient salt mining area, was […………………………….]from 1876 onwards by the Viennese Academy of Sciences and provided the first classification of the […………………………….]Celts. In 1858, the waters of Lake Neuchatel in […………………………….]sunk to a low level, revealing a large […………………………….]settlement with a huge number of surviving […………………………….]. The nearby town of La Tene gave its name to the second phase of Celtic cultural development. However, please note that these phases […………………………….]through time, and are defined according to geographical area. Let’s look at each of these, taking the Hallstatt first.
Hallstatt culture is […………………………….]in 4 stages. A & B were during the late Bronze Age, from about […………………………….]; C was in the Early Iron Age, from about 700-600 BC; D was from about 600 to 475 BC. The Hallstatt culture […………………………….]central Europe, with its centre in the area around Hallstatt in Central Austria. There were two […………………………….]cultural zones – the eastern and the western. At the start of the period, long distance trade was already well […………………………….]in copper and tin – the basic requirements for manufacture of […………………………….]. From about 700 BC, trade in iron also became established. The Hallstatt area also already controlled the trade in salt, […………………………….]when there were few other means to […………………………….]food. Control of these two crucial trade goods—iron and salt—provided the basis for the […………………………….]of wealth and influence. From 800 BC, some burials of rich people can be identified, in central Europe, with grave goods such as wheeled wagons and iron […………………………….].
Hallstatt C saw the construction of fortified hilltop […………………………….]to the North of the Alps. These had […………………………….]mounds holding very high quality goods, such as vehicles and expensive […………………………….]treasures. By the time of the Hallstatt D period, these increasingly extravagant burial mounds were […………………………….]around a few major hill forts to the southwest of the region. This suggests a development and a concentration of wealth and social power, possibly based on the development of Massilia (present-day Marseilles) as a Greek trading port. The […………………………….]of luxury trade brought greater […………………………….]for profit and helped to create an increasingly […………………………….]society, with the development of a wealthy […………………………….]. Over the period from 1846 to 1863, a thousand […………………………….]were found at Hallstatt, with an astonishing range of artefacts, including clothing and salt mining equipment as well as […………………………….], jewellery, pottery and imported bronze […………………………….]in the “chieftains’” graves.
The La Tene era was the time of Celtic […………………………….]and […………………………….]and the time of formation of the myths, The La Tene culture is named after the site in Switzerland where it was first discovered. The La Tene people were those known to the Romans as Gaids. Originally found in an area from Eastern France to […………………………….], the La Tene culture spread rapidly from about 400 BC. The La Tene Celts settled in Spain in […………………………….], in Northern Italy in 400 BC, invaded Rome in 390 BC, […………………………….]Greece in […………………………….], invaded Galatia (in modern Turkey) in 270 BC. By 200 BC, they […………………………….]the lands that are now Britain, the Netherlands, Brittany, Belgium, Germany and […………………………….].
There is much debate over how much of the […………………………….]into Britain was achieved through invasion and settlement and how much was the expression of cultural transfer that […………………………….]trade and reflected the commonality of kinship and language of many tribes. There is little evidence for actual […………………………….]of La Tene people into Britain. Nevertheless, it does appear that the La Tene culture was more […………………………….]than the Hallstatt one. The La Tene graves across Europe hold iron weapons – swords and spearheads – and wooden.shields, as well as everyday items such as razors, yokes, […………………………….]and […………………………….].
ANSWER KEY
